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About Ecuador
Officially the Republic of
Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, pronounced, literally, "Republic of the
equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by
Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to
the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile,
that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos
Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) west of the mainland.
Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of
256,370 square kilometers (98,990 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was
declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best
preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's
largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city
in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an
outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the
Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species,
many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species
diversity makes Ecuador one of the seventeen mega diverse countries in the
world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize
legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
Ecuador is a presidential republic and became independent in 1830, after having
been part of the Spanish colonial empire and the republic of Gran Colombia. It
is a medium-income country with an HDI score of 0.807 (2007), and about 38.3% of
the people living below the poverty line.
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